Banking is one of the most complex industries in the world and is a major contributor to a country’s wealth through its financial services. Today, banks offer a wide range of products and services ranging from simple checking accounts, retirement plans, mutual funds, mortgages, consumer loans, and many other services. As the most important and primary money market in the Iranian economy, banks are responsible for managing and providing liquidity and directing the capital and savings of the community towards productive activities and profitable economic investments. In fact, banks have served as a channel for transferring money between investors and entrepreneurs over time. The purpose of this study is to examine the liquidity crisis, the relationship between loans, and the financial structure of banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In line with this goal, 17 banks were selected from the statistical population for which the required information for the 4-year period under study (2012-2015) was available, and the research hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression using the panel data method and EViews 7 software. The significance of the patterns was tested using t and F statistics. The results obtained show that there is a negative and significant relationship between the liquidity crisis and long-term and short-term debts and the financial structure of banks listed on the stock exchange.